Perceptions of the Elderly toward the New Generation

Chapter by chapter guide Introduction The Thesis Statement Methodology Discussion Data Analysis Conclusion References Introduction The recent decades have seen the world’s populace embrace different parts of changes regarding the food individuals eat, the amusement exercises they take part in, the methods of correspondence they use, their inclinations and other way of life changes. The fundamental planners and followers of these transformative undertakings are the adolescents and the youthful adults.Advertising We will compose a custom proposition test on Perceptions of the Elderly toward the New Generation explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The manners by which individuals direct their organizations have likewise changed. The new Japanese business pattern is a decent contextual analysis that can bear witness to these changes. Nonetheless, during this hurry to grasp new methods of ways of life, there is by all accounts an entire age that has been abandoned, which is the old. This gathering of individuals assumed an exceptionally critical job before, by offering insightful guidance to different individuals from the general public. They were vigorously counseled when settling on significant choices, particularly those that essentially influence the general public. Be that as it may, this isn't the situation today as the current youthful age have disregarded the old as well as considered their direction superfluous (Borovoy, 2008, p 568). The Thesis Statement The point of this exploration proposition is to contemplate the connection between the present more youthful age and the older in the Japan’s family arrangement and build up their relationship. Technique Each part will be given with a poll that the individual will provide for the most established individual from the family to fill. In the event that where the most established individual from the family can't comprehend the substance of the poll, at that point another educated individual from the family will peruse it noisily and decipher it to the person in question. Conversation in a joint effort with twenty nine different understudies from my group, we will embrace to lead an examination that is planned for finding out the jobs played by the older in Japanese family units. The examination will require every individual from the group to perform talk with tests to the oldest individuals from their families dependent on several foreordained subjects. This investigation will for the most part be worried about the view of the more youthful age towards the old age. So as to viably set up this, we will try to discover the jobs the older can play in their family units to impact the impression of the more youthful ages towards them.Advertising Looking for proposition on sociologies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is regular information that the worldwide economy has as of late confronted some toug h situations, typically described by downturns and discouragements. Generally, there have been a great deal of stresses across numerous ages, on the best financial practices that can be applied to sidestep these situations. It is additionally critical to take note of that the old in many family units are individuals who are either set out toward retirement or who have as of late resigned. They are hence in extraordinary situations to offer sound advice to their families on issues, for example, the worldwide monetary downturn. Then again, there are new and brilliant market pioneers who are youthful as well as fit for understanding the worldwide market patterns. We will look to discover the perspectives on these two gatherings of individuals on this issue. In such manner, we will be determined to build up if the older individuals could offer insightful and forward-thinking counsel that can precisely help address the overall circumstances. As per the accessible segment insights, the nu mber of inhabitants on the planet has expanded hugely in the course of recent decades. This has prompted the presentation and selection of new ideas of family arranging. The common family inclines demonstrate that the now older populace had moderately huge quantities of kids, and some of them were even in polygamous relationships. In any case, with the predominant monetary imperatives, the couple of employments that are difficult to find and the colossal obligations that are engaged with raising youngsters, these examples have essentially changed after some time. In this regard, this examination will concentrate on discovering the view of these two ages toward family arranging. Information Analysis The information that will be procured from this examination study will be sifted through and arranged as either quantitative or subjective. Breaking down the quantitative information will include the translation of the crude and substantial segments of the data that has been acquired from the investigation (Grbich, 2007, p. 120). This information will incorporate the quantity of the old individuals who can legitimately offer sound insight to their families on worldwide monetary conditions and the quantity of the at present instructed youngsters who can mind to tune in to their older folks as they talk about this issue.Advertising We will compose a custom proposition test on Perceptions of the Elderly toward the New Generation explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The quantity of old individuals who bolster family arranging, a practical alternative for tending to the unreasonable populace development, will likewise be specified against that of the more youthful age. The examination of the subjective information then again will include understanding of the impalpable segments of the data acquired from the investigation. End The perspectives held by the matured and the youthful ages on certain subjects, can be extraordinarily affected by age, presentat ion and level of training (Postigoa, 2010, p. 341). As much as this idea is valid, some older people can be hesitant to grasp thoughts that originate from the more youthful age inspired by a paranoid fear of relinquishing their jobs. More youthful individuals, particularly the informed ones, consistently accept that the guidance offered by the old, has been overwhelmed by occasions and is in this way not of critical significance in explaining the vast majority of the present day’s issues. References Borovoy, A. (2008). Japan’s shrouded adolescents: mainstreaming the sincerely bothered in Japan. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 32(4), 552-576. Grbich, C. (2007). Subjective information examination: A presentation. London: SAGE Publications. Postigoa, J. M. (2010). The co-living arrangement of old individuals with their kids and grandkids. Instructive Gerontology, 36(4), 330-349. This proposition on Perceptions of the Elderly toward the New Generation was composed and presented by client Bast10n to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

Marginal Costs and Benefits Free Essays

Minor investigation is a strategy utilized in microeconomics by which little changes in explicit factors are concentrated regarding the impact on related factors and the framework all in all. Negligible expenses and advantages are an indispensable piece of financial matters since they help to give the significant estimation of expenses and advantages at a particular degree of creation and utilization (McCain, 2008). This is the motivation behind why I’ve picked this subject for my paper. We will compose a custom article test on Negligible Costs and Benefits or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now We use financial matters in our day by day lives without knowing it. It is ideal to have a boundless wellspring of salary, where one doesn’t need to stress on how they spend. Obviously to most cases, we don’t have that extravagance so we should live on a tight spending plan. Examining the minor costs will profit us over the long haul since when we live on a tight spending plan, we burn through a large portion of our lives attempting to locate the most out of our spending. Let’s state that one individual who lives on a limited spending plan, however they might want to have a decent excursion in one purpose of their lives. They would progress in the direction of that point and discover the amount they would requirement for the expenses of the excursion. Each dollar currently gets critical to their spending since we should realize the amount we can bear the cost of and must be shrewd about it. We can't go out there and begin spending like frantic in light of the fact that at long last we’ll ask ourselves, â€Å"Now how are we going to take care of this? † So computing inside the spending plan is essential, yet remembering that we ought to have the option to really appreciate the excursion without being dreary of each and every penny that is coming out of our pocket. Let’s state that we have a spending plan of $2000 aggregate to go on this excursion. Taking a gander at the costs of the airfare, transportation, food, dwelling and so on , we need to see a lot of this would all cost us so along these lines we can realize how much cash is left to us to spend on certain material things we may go over to when we are in the midst of a get-away. There’s continually something that one could find that brings up the issue, â€Å"I should purchase this since I wouldn’t have the option to discover it where I am right now living. † When we ascertain all the costs, we will perceive the amount it would profit us over the long haul. The advantages of this circumstance is that on the off chance that we discover arrangements and markdown for the essential components of our outing, we have all the more going through cash to make the most of our excursion, purchasing things without that blame factor since we know it’s inside our spending plan. Instructions to refer to Marginal Costs and Benefits, Papers

4 Ways to Establish Trust With Your Online Audience

4 Ways to Establish Trust With Your Online Audience Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!4 Ways to Establish Trust With Your Online AudienceUpdated On 21/09/2017Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : BusinessShort URL : https://hbb.me/2xoHAky CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogIt takes more than trust to run a successful business, but it’s impossible to thrive without it. It doesn’t matter if your business is in the beginning stages of scaling or you’ve been around for decades, now is the time to work on establishing trust with your audience.Establish Trust With These 4 Tips“Only about 1% of millennials claim that a compelling ad influences them,” entrepreneur Matthew Tyson notes. “The rest are almost naturally skeptical of advertising. They think it’s all spin, so they don’t bother paying attention.”In order to move past the negative associations of advertising and marketing, you have to work on actively engaging your audience and establishing rela tionships that are built on trust.Here are some ways you can do that:Emphasize Unique Selling PointsCustomers have an overwhelming number of choices in today’s marketplace. When they go to purchase an item, they often have dozens of companies to choose from. What, if anything, are you doing to make customers choose you?One of the biggest keys to establishing trust is to emphasize your brand’s unique selling points. In other words, what is it that sets you apart and makes you worthy of being trusted with the customer’s time and money?There are plenty of good examples of what it looks like to convey unique selling points, but we’ll look at one in particular: this page from Estate Diamond Jewelry. Notice how the copy on the page emphasizes the brand’s quality, experience, and customer support as a way of building trust with new customers.What are your unique selling points, and how can you convey them to your audience in an effort to establish trust?Leverage the Halo EffectsA re you familiar with the Halo Effect? It states that a company that associates its brand and products with something appealing â€" such as another reputable brand or a popular spokesperson â€" can enhance its perceived value in the eyes of customers.READWhy Starting Your Own Online Casino is easier than you thinkThis page from furniture design company Aidan Gray is a good example. By using an “as seen in” page with popular publications, the brand is able to enhance its perception through association.Make a Consistent Investment in ContentContent is currency in the online world. If your brand is able to attach its name to a lot of content, then you can build trust with individual customers. That’s because each and every piece of content you produce is validation. It increases your recognition and makes people more likely to trust you in the future.Now, it’s not enough to simply publish empty content. If you want your content to really establish trust, you have to focus on qua lity and consistency. Each time someone interacts with a piece of your content, they should know ahead of time what to expect. From the voice to the structure, your content should reinforce your brand’s values.Manage Negative StrikesThe internet can be destructive if you don’t carefully watch your reputation. Always keep an eye out for negative strikes against you and manage them appropriately. By setting up a listening tool that’s keyed to your brand and related keywords, you can be alerted each time someone says something about you.Make Trust a PriorityTrust is something you can’t buy â€" and it takes a while to rebuild if it’s lost. Trust is established slowly but surely, one interaction at a time. If you want your online audience to trust and connect with your brand, you have to go about it in the right manner.In no way does this article present a comprehensive strategy, but it does provide you with a good place to start. It all depends on how you respond.

My Life Span Perspective And The Seven Key Assumptions...

In this essay I will be reviewing and discussing my journey, the modern life span perspective and the seven key assumptions that make up development. The four key assumptions that are applicable to my development, and why I decided to study the Bachelor of Social Work degree are development is multidirectional, development involves both gains and losses, development is characterised by lifelong plasticity and development is multiply influenced. My journey so far has contained different seasons and paths that my family and I have had to walk through, most of them leading to my decision to study Social Work. On February 24th 2014, a tragedy struck my family which shook the beliefs and values I had developed over my life. We awoke to the news that my cousin Luke had been killed on the way to work by a drunk driver. Due to this I was saturated with grief, loss, heartache and confusion. Although this has been a desert season in my life, God has been faithful and covered me with his love and grace. I learnt what ‘having faith’ really meant through this experience and what trust in God looked like. Most of the time we do not understand why particular things happen in our world, but there was a point that I came too where I had to decide, whether I was going to let it define my life in a negative way, and hold me back, or whether I was going to use it to propel myself forward. Although I have chosen to use it for good , and to help others, there are still days where the grief andShow MoreRelatedThe Modern Life Span Perspective Essay1969 Words   |  8 Pagesbelieve that a person s current position in life is the result of a combination of their experiences and interacting influences. This can occur from infancy through very old age, even before birth. For example, career choices can be affected by personal experiences or inborn abilities. This may be from the individual or the influence of adult role models, which can be positive or negative. According to Sigelman, Rider, De George-Walker (2013), human development is shown to be very complex, with manyRead MoreLife Span Development Reflective Paper5968 Words   |  24 PagesLife Span Development Reflective Paper Introduction Brenda Watson Leadership Coaching September 19, 2010 This has been a very fascinating journey from prenatal, birth to old age. The goal of this paper is to show how my knowledge and understanding of life span development has increased, as well as demonstrate how this knowledge and understanding will apply to and can be used within my area of specialization, Leadership Coaching. As a Social Worker, I have had the opportunity to work withRead MoreA Consultancy Report Prepared for Anthony’s Orchard6106 Words   |  25 Pageswhile enhancing capabilities by having the right manpower output and efficient equipment. Anthony’s Orchard over the years have been growing and because they have attempted to use technology, financial and customer relationships as areas where development must be achieved, they have decided to take new steps and measures into making the company a larger one with huge revenue turn around. Over the last decade, they have invested in making the company a bigger one and at the same time creating smallerRead MoreSpiritual Formation Across the Lifespan Essay7723 Words   |  31 PagesCHAPTER 9 SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT Hope Haslam Straughan Within the social work profession, there is a growing movement affirming that spirituality and religious beliefs are integral to the nature of the person and have a vital influence on human behavior (Hugen, 1998). Canda (1988) identifies spirituality as a basic aspect of human experience, both within and outside the context of religious institutions. If a social worker is going to approach a person in a holistic manner, he or she must be willingRead MoreManagement History Essay10156 Words   |  41 Pagesreduced to a cookbook listing of dos and donts. Dont fall into that trap. If the history of management teaches us anything, it is that management practices must change to suit the particular situation facing the manager. The key to success is to be aware of the key variables in any management situation and to apply those concepts and techniques which are most likely to succeed. The following example at Hovey and Beard Company shows what can happen when mana gers fail to consider all the variablesRead MoreDeveloping Manager4362 Words   |  18 PagesOrganizational Culture 2 1.3.1 Types of Culture 2 1.3.2 Factors influencing changes in culture 2 2.0 Prospective Manager 2 2.1 Skill Audit 2 2.2 Personal SWOT Analysis 2 2.3 Development Plan 2 3.0 Roles and Responsibility 2 3.1 Roles 2 3.2 Responsibilities 2 4.0 Career Development 2 4.1 Career Development Plan 2 5.0 References 2 Task 1 1.0 Principal and practice of management behaviour When we consider any field like hospitality, travel, tourism there should be proper managementRead MoreFinal Answers 1 Essay12505 Words   |  51 Pages chocolate, bread, yogurt, caviar) tangible, no service component and could be stored. 100% service – counseling (accounting logistics) – intangible, knowledge based, not stored and hard to automate. 4. Mass customization and rapid product development were identified as current trends in modern manufacturing operations. What is the relationship, if any, between these trends? Can you cite any examples? Mass Customization is personalization of products and services for individual customers atRead MoreSantrock Edpsych Ch0218723 Words   |  75 Pages02-EdPsy-Chap02-6123 8/22/06 2 3:33 PM Page 32 Physical and Cognitive Development Preview Examining the shape of children’s development allows us to understand it better. Every childhood is distinct, and is the first chapter in a new biography. This chapter is about children’s physical and cognitive development. These are some of the questions we will explore: †¢ Do children develop in distinct stages, or is their development smoother and more continuous? †¢ How do children develop physically, andRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreTechnical Analysis on Banking Sector9477 Words   |  38 PagesMngesh Gaikwad hereby declare that the project entitled â€Å"Technical Analysis on Banking Sector† carried out at Satvik Investments And Securities is a genuine work of M.B.A. (Finance) 2nd year course of North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon. To the best of my knowledge any part of this context has not been submitted earlier for any Degree, Diploma or Certificate Examination. Mr. Mangesh Gaikwad

Essay on The Lincoln Administration Pursuit of Freedom

The Lincoln Administration Pursuit of Freedom There are many ways to describe what freedom is; in fact Webster’s dictionary offers nine different explanations of what the word means. â€Å"A right or the power to engage in certain actions without control or interference,† is one of the most ubiquitous definitions. There are many ways to describe freedom and American history has portrayed it in very contradictory manners. In the late 1700’s, it was very obvious that America’s forefathers sought freedom as they based their revolution on the principal of emancipation but it was only a short while later that the freedoms of others within the country were being inhibited by slavery. Slavery inhibits civil liberties and in a land of equal†¦show more content†¦The opposition grew steadily with no unified leader until 1854 when a politician associated with the contemporary Whig party declared his opposition to the Kansas and Nebraska Act. That man’s name was Abraham Lincoln and he based his po litical career around the abolition of slavery. He opposed the Kansas and Nebraska Act because it gave each state the right to choose whether to make itself a slave state or not. This countered the former ways of the Missouri Act established in 1820 which declared a line of latitude to distinguish whether a new territory would be slave free or not. His main opposition was Steven Douglas who had ratified the Kansas and Nebraska Act. Douglas saw slavery as a strictly political dilemma but Lincoln found it to be a profound moral issue as well. Lincoln stated that the act would be fine if it did not compare black men to pigs and horses with this he declared that â€Å"slavery was incompatible with America democracy.† Abraham eloquently explained himself by reasoning, â€Å"If a Negro is a man, when then my ancient faith teaches me that ‘all men are created equal,’ and that there can be no moral right in connection with one man’s making a slave of another.â₠¬  Later in his Peoria speech he called for the gradual abolishment of slavery. Lincoln’s views did not get him elected on many occasions but he never stopped his conquest to have justice for all. In 1856, after the Whig party diminished,Show MoreRelatedLincoln Movie Leadership Analysis1380 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication 4008 8 December 2015 Lincoln Essay The year is 1865 and the Civil War death toll has risen just over six-hundred-thousand men. The freedoms sought out by our nation’s founders, now jeopardized by the secession of eleven states from the Union. The fate of The United States of America now laid upon the broad shoulders of our nations sixteenth commander-in-chief, President Abraham Lincoln. In a term marked by the burden of complete social upheaval, Abraham Lincoln was our nation’s foremost leaderRead MoreEssay about The Reconstruction Era: The Planted Seeds1231 Words   |  5 Pagesnew birth of freedom† (Baslor). These wise words of Abraham Lincoln cleared the way of a desolate trail of violence and pain, yet he was determined to accomplish his plans of abolishing slavery and creating equality. The Civil War, began in 1861 and ended in 1865, yet it was known as one of the bloodiest wars America has ever walked through compared to other American Wars (â€Å"Civil War Facts†). After the Civil W ar the Reconstruction Era rose up and flourished into a luminous path of freedom for slavesRead MoreA Rhetorical Analysis: of I Have a Dream Essay1484 Words   |  6 Pagesthis he makes an allusion to Abraham Lincoln’s 1863 Gettysburg Address. Earlier that year, Lincoln passed the Emancipation Proclamation to free all slaves in the United States, so he became known as an advocate against segregation. Referencing a speech that Lincoln gave, makes people realize that one of the most respected men in American history did not agree with segregation. In addition to alluding Lincoln, King makes a strong reference to the Declaration of Independence to show that the documentRead MoreInfluence Of Slavery On American History1351 Words   |  6 Pagesslavery through the 13th amendment to the United States Constitution, slaves and slavery have played an important role in the establishment and economic growth of the United States of America. From its beginning, slavery has divided America on its pursuit of life, liberty and happiness. Separating from its own oppressor on the words â€Å"That all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights†¦ † while still holding these same beliefs and rights from menRead MoreWhat Has President Obama Done? Essay1308 Words   |  6 Pagesline you can tell that Greenberg does not like Obama and does not trust him. He compares Obama to some of the past presidents of America sucks as Lincoln, FDR and Kennedy. He starts with Lincoln by saying how Lincoln is Obama’s favorite president and how some of Obama’s supports pointed out how they were a like. He also says â€Å"Lincoln started his administration on a shaky note.† Then he moves on to Franklin Roosevelt. He starts off with saying how FDR spent the first year just on recovery from the GreatRead More freedom of speech Essay1195 Words   |  5 Pages †Å" Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press† -First Amendment, U.S. Constitution. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;According to the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, one of the basic principles our country is based on is the freedom of speech. Because of this, as eras and ages have passed in this still young and growing country, this amendment has had a greater use then statedRead More Martin Luther King Jrs Impact on the Civil Rights Movement Essay1565 Words   |  7 PagesKing was raised to treat others in the same manner no matter what the circumstances, which lead to his speech that contributed to the civil rights movement and helped change blacks rights (Dyson, 2000). On August 28th, 1963, on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C., the African-American civil-rights movement reached its high potential when Martin Luther King spoke to over 250,000 people attending his March on Washington. King structured his speech on the events that were occurringRead MoreDevry Hist 405 Final Exam - Latest1189 Words   |  5 Pagesthem with tar and feathers. Type: MC Question 6.6. (TCO 2) In the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson refers to the natural rights due to every citizen as (Points : 2) life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. independent liberty. Paine’s freedoms. radical power. Type: MC Question 7.7. (TCO 2) The Patriots would not have won the Battle of Yorktown and the American Revolution without help from (Points : 2) Spanish explorers. Read MoreHist 405 Final Exam Latest Devry1210 Words   |  5 Pagesthe stocks. covering them with tar and feathers. Type: MC Question 6.6. (TCO 2) In the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson refers to the natural rights due to every citizen as (Points : 2) life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. independent liberty. Paine’s freedoms. radical power. Type: MC Question 7.7. (TCO 2) The Patriots would not have won the Battle of Yorktown and the American Revolution without help from (Points : 2) Spanish explorers. Germans. the French. Native AmericansRead MoreEssay on Abraham Lincoln on Slavery2158 Words   |  9 PagesAbraham Lincoln on Slavery Abraham Lincoln was born in 1809, in Hardin County, Kentucky (Abraham Lincoln Slavery and the Civil War, pg. 211, Johnson). Many Americans believe him to be one of the greatest presidents to ever serve in office. One thing that distinguished Lincoln from all the other former presidents was his distinct philosophy on slavery: that it is unfair and unjust to enslave another human being. Lincoln supported his opinion with a simple formula labeled the ‘Fragment on

Critical Review of a Psychology Research Article on Students

Research Issues in Psychology Critical Review of a Research Article Pupils who exhibit gifted characteristics along with another disability are referred to as ‘twice-exceptional students’ (Morrison, 2001; Nielsen 2002). This term is used in the article that I have chosen to review, which analyzes the responses and perceptions through interview, of one particular individual (Andrew) who was identified as being gifted and talented (G/T) and who had emotional and behavioral disabilities (EBD). What the researchers aimed to accomplish through this analysis was a clearer understanding of Andrew’s community and school experiences, as they stated that there was a lack of empirical data focusing upon pupils who displayed such behaviors.†¦show more content†¦Teaching, according to the Teacher’s Training Agency, â€Å"†¦is a job for those who like and respect young people† (2005). Andrew clearly from his responses, suffered during his schooling, and perhaps felt disrespected as a result of being labelled. His pos ition as an educator a number of years later, enable him to look quite critically upon his educators, almost, one could argue with an expert eye. As well as the questions which are raised about the size of the sample that was used, it is also necessary to point out the lack of detail present concerning how the sample was chosen. Andrew’s reflective experiences several years after they occurred surely cannot be as valid as for example, a sample of children displaying twice-exceptional abilities within schools at the time of commencing the research. Perhaps Morrison and Omdal had valid reasons for choosing Andrew as their lone participant, but this detail is missing from their study. There is no evidence either to suggest whether Andrew was de-briefed about the nature of this study, which could prove significant with regard to his responses to the interview questions, especially as he talks with such fervour about his experiences. Since they only had one participant for this research, an interview was an appropriate method to gain access to Andrew’s experiences in school and in the community. An interview as stated in Cohen et alShow MoreRelatedCritical Evaluation1465 Words   |  6 PagesPY1101 – Writing in Psychology APA 6th Edition â€Å"HOW TO† GUIDE In Psychology, we use the formatting guidelines as set out in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA), 6th Edition. This is a starter guide to the APA formatting guidelines. This guide is not all-inclusive, but will help get you started for your first assignment. Burton’s ‘An interactive approach to writing essays and research reports in Psychology’ is the best guide to help you with APA formattingRead MoreConvergent And Divergent Thinking Of Online Learning897 Words   |  4 PagesThe topic that I chose is found in Chapter Nine of the Educational Psychology textbook which talks about complex cognitive processes. The focus of my research paper is on convergent and divergent thinking. I chose this topic because it seemed interesting to learn more about different types of thinking processes and being able to answer questions when using these two types of thinking processes. In this educational psychology class, I have learned the d ifference between convergent and divergent thinkingRead MoreThe Apa Style Of Writing Has Been In Existence For Over1433 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen recognized as a guide for many important disciplines beyond Psychology including business and education which indicates the standards credibility in the publishing community (Hunsley, 2010). The long tradition of the APA standard establishes the credibility and importance. It has evolved to keep up with modern research and technology. Using the same style as others in your profession allows for peer reviewers to read the article quicker and also have a reference go back to so they ensure dataRead MoreScholarly Writing Essay801 Words   |  4 PagesWalden student in a masters or doctorate program. In this Application, you will critique a sample of scholarly writing and provide feedback on ways to make it more effective. To prepare for this assignment: †¢ Read the following Study Notes: Introduction to Scholarly Writing: Finding a Scholarly Voice; Introduction to Scholarly Writing: Purpose, Audience, and Evidence; Citing a Discussion Posting and Course Study Notes in APA Style; and Citing a Laureate Video in APA Style †¢ Review theRead MoreNetwork And Relational Perspectives For Community Psychology1244 Words   |  5 PagesChristens, B. (2014). Linking the Levels: Network and Relational Perspectives for Community Psychology. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brian_Christens/publication/261771586_Linking_the_Levels_Network_and_Relational_Perspectives_for_Community_Psychology/links/557b03bc08aec87640d9b364.pdf Summary In the article â€Å"Linking the Levels: Network and Relational Perspectives for Community Psychology†, networks and relationships have great importance for understanding communities, settingsRead MoreSome Current Dimensions Of Applied Behavior Analysis990 Words   |  4 PagesSome Current Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis. Retrieved from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13109980/pdf/jaba00083-0089.pdf Barrish, H. H., Saunders, M., Wolf, M. (2015, 11 6). Good Behavior Game: Effects of Individual Contingencies for GroupConsequences On Disruptive Behavior In A Classroom. Retrieved from Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1311049/pdf/jaba0080-0043.pdf Bruce A. Thyer, P. (n.d.). What Is Evidence-Based Practice? Brief TreatmentRead MoreCriticle Article Review: Violent Video Games Essay1430 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Critical Article Review Psychology 475 Liberty University Abstract The aim of this paper is to provide a critical review of the article The Effect of Video Game Violence on Physiological Desensitization to Real-life Violence by Nicholas L. Carnagey, Craig A. Anderson, and Brad J. Bushman (2007). In this article Carnagey, Ander and Bushman experimentally examine the effects that violent video games have on those playing them, specifically in the area ofRead MoreThe Importance Of An Apology For A Deficient Audit925 Words   |  4 PagesPart 1 , 200-400 words, worth 4% Discuss how both articles review the literature and compare the literature review a; Apology Accepted: The Benefits of an Apology for a Deficient Audit Following an Audit V Failure b; Students Behaviors and Views of Paraphrasing and Inappropriate Textual Borrowing in an EFL Academic Setting Review of literature: The information on the subject is not lacking but the inferences of various investigations are not consistent and differ greatly according to the materialRead MoreAssignment : Critical Thinking Psychology948 Words   |  4 PagesUnit 4 Assignment: Critical Thinking in Psychology Shakirah Tulloch PS 501 August 29, 2017 Kaplan University Critical Thinking in Psychology This paper is based off of a peer reviewed research article. The construct being assessed is the self-esteem of adolescents. One who has high self-esteem will feel confident and will see themselves as deserving the respect of others. High self-esteem enables the individual to be happy, have lots of energy, stay focused, and to be successfulRead MoreImproving Student Performance Has Long Been An Issue Contemplated And Researched By Educational Professionals And Psychologists1590 Words   |  7 Pages Critical Assignment 1 Shelby A. Wood Troy University Article 1 Improving student performance has long been an issue contemplated and researched by educational professionals and psychologists. Nowadays, an even greater burden has been placed on the shoulders of teachers, whose livelihoods are being determined by how well their students perform on standardized tests and other academic evaluations. With this increased amount of pressure, teachers are desperate to find ways to improve

Principles of safeguarding and protection in health and social care free essay sample

Physical abuse involving contact planned to cause bodily harm, feelings of intimidation, other physical suffering or injury †¢ Sexual abuse Sexual abuse is the forcing of undesired sexual behavior by one person upon another †¢ Emotional/psychological abuse Emotional/psychological abuse may involve threats or actions to cause mental or physical harm; humiliation; violation †¢ Financial abuse Financial abuse is the illegal or unauthorized use of a person’s money, property, pension book or other valuables. †¢ Institutional abuse Institutional abuse involves failure of an organization to provide appropriate and professional individual services to vulnerable people. It can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes and behavior that amount to discrimination through unwitting prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness, stereotyping and rigid systems. †¢ Self neglect Self-neglect is a behavioral condition in which an individual neglects to attend to their basic needs, such as personal hygiene, feeding, clothing, or medical conditions they might have. †¢ Neglect by others Neglect is a passive form of abuse in which the wrongdoer is responsible to provide care, for someone, who is unable to care for oneself, but fails to provide adequate care to meet their needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of safeguarding and protection in health and social care or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Neglect may include failing to provide sufficient supervision, nourishment, medical care or other needs. 1. 2 Physical Abuse Injuries that are the shape of objects Injuries in a variety of stages or injuries that have not received medical attention A person being taken to many different places to receive medical attention Skin infections Dehydration or unexplained weight changes or medication being lost Behavior that indicates that the person is afraid or avoiding the perpetrator Change of behavior Sexual Abuse Sexually transmitted diseases or pregnancy Tears or bruises in genital/anal areas Soreness when sitting Signs that someone is trying to take control of their body image, for example, anorexia, bulimia or self-harm Sexualized behavior Inappropriately dressed Emotional Abuse Difficulty gaining access to the adult on their own The adult not getting access to medical care or appointments with other agencies Low self-esteem or lack of confidence and anxiety Increased levels of confusion Increased urinary or fecal incontinence Sleep disturbance The person feeling/acting as if they are being watched all of the time Decreased ability to communicate Language being used that is not usual for the service user Deference/submission to the perpetrator Financial Sudden loss of assets Unusual or inappropriate financial transactions Visitors whose visits always coincide with the day a person’s benefits are cashed Insufficient food in the house Bills not being paid A sense that the person is being tolerated in the house due to the income they bring in; sometimes with that person not included in the activities the rest of the family enjoys Institutional  treating adults like children arbitrary decision making by staff group, service or organization strict, regimented or inflexible routines or schedules for daily activities such as meal times, bed / awakening times, bathing / washing, going to the toilet lack of choice or options, such as food and drink, dress, possessions, daily activities and social activities lack of privacy, dignity, choice or respect for people as individuals unsafe or unhygienic environmentlack of provision for dress, diet or religious observance in accordance with an individual’s belief or cultural background withdrawing people from individually valued community or family contact Neglect by self or others Malnutrition Rapid or continuous weight loss Not having access to necessary physical aides Inadequate or inappropriate clothing Untreated medical problems Dirty clothing/bedding Lack of personal care 1. 2- Factors may include if the individual has a mental disability such as dementia or not having mental capacity. If the individual is secluded or isolated or are vulnerable. There could also be factors for the abuser which could include the abuser having lack of training, also abusing their power. Sometimes personal issues have a part to play which could include the carer/abuser being stressed or having a history of abuse and continuing the cycle. 2. 1- If there are suspicions that an individual is being abused, or if an individual alleges that they have been abused then I would report this to my immediate line manager and use the whistle blowing technique if appropriate. Some ways to ensure that evidence is preserved can include using plastic bags to hold evidence if there is a likelihood that it may be contaminated, not entering the zone where the crime/abuse has taken place, advising the service user not to wash, gaining original copies of any CCTV tapes that may be available. 2. 2- Stay calm and listen to them, Take what you are being told seriously, Be aware that medical evidence might be needed, Offer them support to help them to stop the abuse happening, make a written note of what you have been told and contact social services or the police Depends on the age of the individual, if it is an adult call the local police if a minor call CPS If someone tells you they are a victim of abuse, take what they seriously, stay calm, and listen to them, if possible make a written or recorded account , which should be dated and signed, you should also make them aware that medical evidence might be required, offer them help and support to stop the abuse from continuing, and then contact either the police or social services. 2. 3- The most common type of evidence available to the investigator is statements made by the victim, witness(es), alleged perpetrator, and collateral(s). Statements may be collected and documented by one or more of the following methods: * A personal face-to-face interview which is recorded in a factual summarization on the CPS-1; * An audio tape recording of the interview. The tape should be preserved and may be either transcribed or summarized on the CPS-1 and filed in the case record; * An audio-visual taped recording of the interview. The tape should be preserved and may be either transcribed and placed in the investigation section of the case record or factually summarized on the CPS-1; * A written signed statement as provided by the witness. Such statements should be filed in the investigation section of the case record. Taped and written statements are particularly important as evidence in judicial proceedings where the witness attempts to recant an earlier statement made to the investigator. * The investigator will also obtain or generate a variety of documents / reports during the investigation process, which will serve as evidence to support an investigative conclusion. These statements will be used for judicial proceedings. Generated reports / documents include reports, forms, and records produced by CD staff. Obtained reports / documents include medical reports, psychological / psychiatric evaluations, police reports, written statements, etc. The investigator should take the following steps in obtaining and reviewing documents / reports that are to be used as evidence in a CA/N investigation: o Initial all pages of any original document the worker is allowed to view but not copy. This will assist the worker in identifying the document during judicial proceedings as one reviewed during the investigation 3. 1- The framework has been developed from existing practice, with contributions by adult protection lead managers throughout the country, [ and shaped in consultation and partnership with: Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) Commission for Social Care Inspection (CSCI) Department of Health (DoH) Public Guardianship Office (PGO) Practitioner Alliance against Abuse of Vulnerable Adults (PAVA) Ann Craft Trust (ACT) VOICE UK ] 3. 2- Care provider such as Home Care Agency. Medical professionals such as GP, AE staff, nurses, doctors: they can examine, diagnose treat, they can record: this can include photographic evidence. An Expert Witness: this is a specialist within a subject such as paediatric, geriatrics, and psychiatrics. The local authority Social Services dept. would carry out an assessment of needs, this would include any unpaid carer of individual. Safeguarding Team, within Social Services dept. : investigates ensures safety, work with other agencies such as police. A Safeguarding Protection Officer would lead the Adult Protection Alert. Police: to investigate/prosecute, to work with other agencies, to provide support to victims, to raise awareness of crimes, crime prevention. Care Quality Commission to regulate inspect care providers. Independent Safeguarding Authority, this includes Vetting Barring Scheme, to safeguard protect vulnerable people before employment commences, incl CRB 3. 3- In March 2002, a 30-year-old woman with learning disabilities was admitted to Borders General Hospital in Scotland with multiple injuries as a result of sustained physical and sexual assaults. The abuse had been carried out at home and was perpetrated by three men, one of whom was her carer. ‘The case of the vulnerable adult’ is the term that the individual involved has asked to be used. Her identity is protected under rules giving anonymity to victims of rape. The woman had made allegations against one of the perpetrators as a child but agencies decided her mother could protect her. When her mother died, he was allowed to become her carer, making her sleep on a carpet in the hall at his home. He began taking the woman’s benefit money, deprived her of food and liquid and made her sit in the dark for long periods. Together with two friends he forced her to strip, shaved her head, sexually assaulted her and repeatedly stamped on her face and body. They also threw the woman over a fence, handcuffed her to a door and set fire to her clothing. The police, health and social services had been aware of allegations of abuse dating back to the woman’s childhood. These had been investigated and reported to the Procurator Fiscal but she was considered an unreliable witness due to her learning disability 3. 4- Policies and procedures, manager, care plans, local authority, training 4. 1- (a) Abuse is reduced by person centered values because institutional abuse often stems from things being done to people because its convenient for the staff. The individuals feelings and preferences are not considered. So, for example, a person requesting pain relief is left to wait because it isnt time for the medication to be administered or reviewed. Active participation means truly involving that person in their care so that choice, dignity and respect are addressed fully. Promoting choice and rights is also addressed by active participation and an accessible complaints procedure (which should be visible somewhere in the setting or may be included in a service users welcome pack) backs up that individuals rights. It means that the person knows who they can go to with a complaint or concern about any aspect of their treatment or care (b) Encouraging active participation builds self-esteem, and the person will refuse to tolerate abuse and will be inclined to report it, theyre also around other people which will help to build friendships in which they can share things they may tell one of them if abuse may happen and one of them may pass it on to help. (c) Promoting choice is to help control an abusive behaviour because it gives one an option to do one thing or the other. It allows people to grow closer together over time 4. 2- Complaints are good way of considering how well the services are provided, it also helps us to identify if there are any weaknesses e. g.  potential for abuse and neglect. A complaints procedure should be simple to follow because it encourages people to raise their concerns and it indicates that organization will respond to those concerns rather than ignoring them. If i ts too difficult to make a complaint the abuse is likely to continue. If its easy to make a complaint the abuse is likely to be dealt with sooner. On a bigger scale complaints make government to bring changes in their policies according to people demand 5. 1- poor manual handling, not keeping track if a client has taken their medication, not disposing of waste properly, every time a short cut is taken on a procedure. 5. 2- All unsafe practices need to be reported to the immediate supervisor so the person can be retrained or the condition remedied to prevent further damage 5. 3- You must go to the next superior in position. After you have reported the incident you still have a duty of care to your patient. If you feel that your patient is still at risk then speak with your line manager regarding your concerns. If you feel your line manager is not taking appropriate action, or you suspect your line manager of abusing a patient then most company policies would state that you would need to contact the regional manager. You would also need to contact an inspectorate body

Breaking Free A Prose Piece of Fortitude and Passion free essay sample

Over the past couple of years, I have begun to realize that I am not ordinary. My mind is filled with complex thoughts that mark my behavior as that of a knowledge-seeker, and not a typical teenager. I seek solace in the works of Jane Austen, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Walt Whitman. English class is where I can let go of my tight breaths and exhale. I am free. My soul delves into a sea of beautiful words pieced together by creators and I welcome their thought-provoking challenges and life-altering questions. At the close of English 3 Honors, we studied various works of poetry ranging from Langston Hughes to Sylvia Plath. In the midst of everything, the words of Whitman sought their way to the curriculum. I was elated. Ever since my eyes beheld the inspiring film Dead Poets Society, my admiration of Whitman has expanded. My teacher informed us that we would have a Whitman assignment to complete over Memorial Day weekend: a mimetic poem of Whitmans style. We will write a custom essay sample on Breaking Free: A Prose Piece of Fortitude and Passion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Apprehension crept over me. Poetry should not be confined to a style or formula, I immediately thought. The entire class agreed. I had no choice, though, but to do the assignment. I procrastinated the entire weekend. It was already Memorial Day, and I thus had no choice but to bring my notebook and pencil with me to Central Park for the picnic my friends planned. We spent the entire day frolicking through the grass, playing Frisbee and eating juicy slices of watermelon. Exhausted from the springtime sun, I recall lying on a blanket and closing my eyes. Time passed slowly, and as my ears heard the mellifluous songs of Gods creatures, I became ready to write. Whitman is renown for his depiction of nature and real life urban scenes so I was in the perfectly inspiring spot. Then it happened. The laughter of children and the soft music of the birds were stifled by repulsive and debasing words. My moment was ruined. Two men approached our blankets and asked us if we would vote for them via text message for a rappers contest. I instantaneously felt uncomfortable and my entire deportment depicted this. A couple of my friends asked for a sample of their work. Their words pierced my ears and burned my heart. They were blatantly degrading women. I couldnt take it. I was not only aggravated that these two men ruined my solitude and peace, but they were discriminating the opposite sex, my sex! Some of my friends noticed that I wanted to say something. I was nervous. They encouraged me, and I spoke out against the present injustice. I told the men how degrading toward women their music is and how despicable they are for publicly rapping such profanity. I shortly thereafter cried. I think I was surprised at myself that I had the power to stand up for womankind. This uprising was the natural scene I needed to illustrate through poetry. I noticed I was forcing myself onto nature. Whitman wouldnt approve. Leaves of Grass is his, not mine. Standing up for equality is my forte. Although it conformed to the style of free verse, my poem was mine. It wasnt formulaic; it was my creation. I am the sculptor of words that will transform the world.

How Women Entrepreneurs Lead and Why They Manage That Way Essays

How Women Entrepreneurs Lead and Why They Manage That Way Essays How Women Entrepreneurs Lead and Why They Manage That Way Essay How Women Entrepreneurs Lead and Why They Manage That Way Essay An International Journal Emerald Article: How women entrepreneurs lead and why they manage that way Dorothy Perrin Moore, Jamie L. Moore, Jamie W. Moore Article information: To cite this document: Dorothy Perrin Moore, Jamie L. Moore, Jamie W. Moore, (2011),How women entrepreneurs lead and why they manage that way, Gender in Management: An International Journal, Vol. 26 Iss: 3 pp. 220 233 Permanent link to this document: http://dx. doi. org/10. 108/17542411111130981 Downloaded on: 12-02-2013 References: This document contains references to 86 other documents Citations: This document has been cited by 3 other documents To copy this document: [emailprotected] com This document has been downloaded 1526 times since 2011. *Users who downloaded this Article also downloaded: * Dorothy Perrin Moore, Jamie L. Moore, Jamie W. Moore, (2011),How women entrepreneurs lead and why they manage that way, Gender in Management: An International Journal, Vol. 26 Iss: 3 pp. 20 2 33 http://dx. doi. org/10. 1108/17542411111130981 Dorothy Perrin Moore, Jamie L. Moore, Jamie W. Moore, (2011),How women entrepreneurs lead and why they manage that way, Gender in Management: An International Journal, Vol. 26 Iss: 3 pp. 220 233 http://dx. doi. org/10. 1108/17542411111130981 Dorothy Perrin Moore, Jamie L. Moore, Jamie W. Moore, (2011),How women entrepreneurs lead and why they manage that way, Gender in Management: An International Journal, Vol. 26 Iss: 3 pp. 220 233 http://dx. doi. org/10. 108/17542411111130981 Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by CURTIN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY For Authors: If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service. Information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www. emeraldinsight. com/authors for more information. About Emerald www. emeraldinsight. com With over forty years experience, Emerald GroupPublishing is a leading independent publisher of global research with impact in business, society, public policy and education. In total, Emerald publishes over 275 journals and more than 130 book series, as well as an extensive range of online products and services. Emerald is both COUNTER 3 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation. *Related content and download information correct at time of download.The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www. emeraldinsight. com/1754-2413. htm GM 26,3 How women entrepreneurs lead and why they manage that way Dorothy Perrin Moore The Citadel School of Business Administration, Sullivan’s Island, South Carolina, USA 220 Jamie L. Moore Long Island Forum for Technology, Applied Science Center, Bethpage, New York, USA, and Jami e W. Moore The Citadel School of Business Administration, Sullivan’s Island, South Carolina, USA and DJM Consulting, Charleston, South Carolina, USA AbstractPurpose – The purpose of this paper is to present six testable propositions to guide future research on the power of the trust building, interactive transformational leadership style women employ to succeed in corporate environments and which they further re? ne as entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach – The propositions are drawn from ? ndings in the ? elds of management, entrepreneurship, organizational behavior, leadership, teamwork and trust. Findings – In organizational life, to move beyond outsider stereotypes, women employ collaborative behaviors to create a climate of trust in work teams.As managers and later as entrepreneurs, their leadership style yields a number of performance enhancing outcomes. Originality/value – Little research links the leadership style of women in organiza tions to their later entrepreneurial ventures. The propositions and recommendations for testing offered here provide several methods to carry out empirical and theoretical studies. Keywords Transformational leadership, Trust, Women, Team working Paper type Research paper Introduction Over the past several decades, the forces of rapid economic and technological change, the in? x of women and minorities into the workforce, the economic shift to a post industrial, global economy and an investment market emphasis on short-term pro? ts combined to reshape organizations. Major components of the change included organizational restructuring, the erosion of employee trust, increasingly greater workforce diversity and the emergence of work teams as drivers of ? rm performance. Concurrently, many women in organizations, mostly con? ned to the lower and middle management levels and in the majority of ? ms denied any opportunity to move Gender in Management: An International Journal Vol. 26 No. 3, 2011 pp. 220-233 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 1754-2413 DOI 10. 1108/17542411111130981 â€Å"Women entrepreneurs style of transformational leadership and performance outcomes: an interactive approach to building a climate of trust† – an earlier version of this paper was previously presented at the United States Association of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Conference, Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, and published in the USASBE 2011 Conference Proceedings. nto upper management (Bass and Avolio, 1994; Dencker, 2008), made the transition to private ownership (Bullough et al. , 2010). Taking their corporate experience and management style with them, they founded businesses at twice the rate of men and were equally successful (Moore and Buttner, 1997; Moore, 2010). This work connects the approach used by women in corporate environments with research in the ? elds of entrepreneurship, leadership, teamwork and trust to explore the management and leadership t rategy common to women entrepreneurs. The propositions that emerge are based on ? ndings that trust, governance and team member relationships have mutual, complimentary effects (Puranam and Vanneste, 2009; Faems et al. , 2008), that conceptualizations of trust vary widely (Bigley and Pearce, 1998) and that the style of leadership practiced by women owners, which has a pronounced impact on employer-employee interactions and performance outcomes (Karakowsky and Siegel, 1999), enhances trust and productivity. We begin by ? st examining the work environments women construct through their interactive transformational leadership to create a climate of trust that enables employees to move from outsiders to being insiders. We then examine the phenomenon of trust, the in? uence of gender and diversity in trust building and the development of highly productive, team-centered enterprises. We conclude by offering suggestions on how the propositions of the entrepreneurial woman’s leadersh ip style may be tested and suggestions for further research.Background and development Organizations and changes in leadership styles Over the past decades, to deal with globalization, more intense competition and other forces for change, corporate managers employed new technologies to reduce layers of bureaucracy and trim the number of long-term employees while simultaneously raising productivity by relying on well coordinated work teams (Ilgen and Sheppard, 2001).It worked because with the new information sharing systems people with differing backgrounds, information sets, resources, perspectives and problem-solving approaches could be brought together to contribute to a collective creativity in environments real or virtual (Mannix and Neale, 2005). The best results were achieved when teams were built by assembling people with the skills needed and permitting them to operate in a culture that encouraged openness, knowledge sharing and empowerment (Davis et al. , 2000).Well-functio ning teams thus required a style of leadership conducive to constructing a climate of trust and the free exchange of information (Mannix and Neale, 2005, pp. 41-2). The problem was that the ongoing and widespread restructuring that reduced the numbers of employees and eliminated many of the bene? ts of those who remained had eroded trust: queried in 2009, more than half of American workers said they did not trust their organization’s leaders and an even higher percentage felt their employer had violated their contractual relationship (Dirks et al. , 2009). Further complicating the roblems of leadership were the presence of biases inherent in organizational groupings that formerly had been homogenous (Mannix and Neale, 2005). With work teams now critical to organizational productivity (Salamon and Robinson, 2008), organizations needed a management style that encouraged the creation of a culture of trust to enable them to deal with periods of uncertainly or the eruption of a bu siness crisis (McKnight and Chervany, 2006). How women entrepreneurs lead 221 GM 26,3 The interactive transformational style of leadership provided an answer and was increasingly employed.Women in organizations As work environments became more diverse, women moved into work roles traditionally occupied by men. The numerous obstacles they encountered included hostile wok climates (Kossek et al. , 2003) and stereotypical negative behaviors (Ely, 1995). Lacking role models and supportive relationships in organizations (Ely, 1994, p. 203; Liff and Ward, 2001), highly visible but isolated, often marginalized and denied access to power (Sealy, 2010), they learned from experience to practice collaborative and interactive job behaviors to moderate the effects of gender biases (LePine et al. 2002). To attain a management position, many women had to ? rst overcome their outsider status, then meet requirements more stringent than their male counterparts, and once in a position of leadership ac t more skillfully to avoid backlash (Tharenou, 1999; Oakley, 2000). They thus brought to positions of leadership a repertoire of behaviors consistent with what people expect from women, in order to ease the transition and acceptance into the group (Gupta et al. 2009), and also to avoid or lessen the negative reactions most had experienced from exerting authority, particularly over men, or displaying a too high level of competence or appearing to dominate (Eagly et al. , 2003, pp. 572-4; van Engen et al. , 2001; Madlock, 2008). Women as leaders The style in which women lead has been relatively unstudied and few researchers have examined how they build trust in entrepreneurial teams. Finding in other settings, however, suggest that while evidence for sex differences in eadership is mixed and depends upon context, in general, women tend to employ a transformational approach and are more likely than men to do so (Bycio et al. , 1995; Bass and Avolio, 1994; Yammarino et al. , 1997). They behave more democratically than men in leadership situations, use interactive skills, place emphasis on maintaining effective working relationships, and value cooperation and being responsible to others, practices that all serve to further organizational goals by integrating people into the group as respected individuals (Yammarino et al. 1997; Rosener, 1990, 1997; Moore and Buttner, 1997; Buttner, 2001; Eagly and Carli, 2003; Eagly et al. , 2003). This interactive approach, described by Helgesen (1995) as a web, is especially applicable in organizational team settings wherein the construction of individually unique, one-to-one, somewhat egalitarian interpersonal relationships is advantageous. The process may be visualized as the leader sitting at the center of a wheel and connecting directly to each subordinate by a spoke, with each team member linked along the rim: a style which makes each team member an insider.As entrepreneurs, women employ the same interactive (all minds are n eeded at the table) approach to both encourage creativity and balance the authoritative command and control behaviors expected of a male boss with the more collaborative language and communication styles expected of a woman (Moore, 2000, pp. 100-6): P1. Women entrepreneurs employ an interactive and transformational leadership style to move beyond the stereotypes associated with being an outsider in business environments (Figure 1). 222 Increasingly diverse work force Greater numbers of women in organizations Work behaviors that minimize insider/outsider effectsTrust building practices How women entrepreneurs lead Intereactive transformational style of leadership Team led problem solving Reshaped organizations Lower levels of employee trust Team leadership by insiders Work setting experiences referenced by women 223 Figure 1. Transitions emergence of women’s leadership approach Insider/outsider organizaional stereotyping tendencies The importance of trust Collaboration, recipr ocity and equity Transactions that foster venture innovation are frequently the result of collaborations that depend on open-mindedness, shared vision and mutual expectations of positive ? eciprocity (Viklund and Sjoberg, 2008). They require patterns of trust that lead to inter-group trust and, in turn, spawn inter-organizational trust (Currall and Inkpen, 2006, p. 245). Within a business venture, then, trust â€Å"is as much a condition or ingredient as the outcome of action† (Sydow, 2006, p. 379). At the most basic level, trust is conveyed by an individual, the trustor. The trustee may be a formal or an informal group, a larger subset of the organization or the ? rm itself (Janowiez and Noorderhaven, 2006).The interactions take place within the overlapping social, cultural, institutional, organizational and sub-organizational environments. Collectively, this is the climate created by the everyday practices and reputations that leaders build and maintain overtime (Rhee and V aldez, 2009). When the culture encourages trustworthy behavior by containing â€Å"a high degree of taken-for-grantedness,† it will enable trust and â€Å"shared expectations,† even among employees â€Å"who have no ? mutual experience or history of interaction† (Mollering, 2006, p. 73). Outcomes The observed bene? ts of a climate of trust – enhanced ef? ciency, greater productivity, decreased absenteeism, lower rates of employee turnover, better safety records and higher levels of commitment (Neves and Caetano, 2006) – contribute directly to ? rm value (Mayer and Gavin, 2005). This is especially true when a trust climate results in a sharing of knowledge among employees because the acquisition and utilization of knowledge, which â€Å"has the potential to be the source of extraordinary returns† (Madhok, 2006, p. 08), is a special, intangible economic asset (Casson and Giusta, 2006). Ideally, a company will employ systems designed to build t his into a climate of collective trust. But this is not always the case, and even ? rms that try to create a culture of trust may accomplish the task only in varying degrees: P2. Because trust is essential to ? rm performance and productivity, the most successful entrepreneurial leaders will employ an interactive leadership style to create and maintain a climate of trust. GM 26,3 224The transformational leadership style has a signi? cant positive impact on team performance because of its moderating effects in dealing with complex or contentious issues (Huettermann and Boerner, 2009). Among the reasons, women ? nd it appealing are its utility in multi-cultural settings (Fein et al. , 2009), its effectiveness in encouraging employee learning, creativity and implementation skills (Chiu et al. , 2009) and the advantage it offers in building high-quality leader-follower relationships and trust (Brahnam et al. , 2005): P3.The employment of a transformational leadership style by a woman en trepreneur will be perceived as highly effective in settings where interactions are sensitive and performance outcomes are highly valued. Gender at work Gender and productivity The number of studies isolating any effects of gender on productivity is slight (LePine et al. , 2002), though there is a suggestion of an â€Å"overall positive linear relationship between gender diversity and employee productivity† (Ali et al. , 2009). The value of adding women members to teams has been supported in studies of IPO ? ms (Welbourne et al. , 2007), small ? rm performance (Litz and Folker, 2002), military settings (Hirschfeld et al. , 2005) and most recently, corporate boards (Konrad et al. , 2008). Findings suggest that when the number of women increases to the point where they are no longer tokens, collaboration, solidarity, con? ict resolution, reciprocity and self-sustaining action all rise (Westermann et al. , 2005), as does work group effectiveness (Knouse and Dansby, 1999) and lev els of interpersonal sensitivity (Williams and Polman, 2009).Other studies indicate that the participation of women either leads to positive outcomes or shows no negative productivity effects (Kochan et al. , 2003). Among the strongest suggestions favoring the business case for gender diversity at the higher levels is a longitudinal examination of 353 companies that remained on the Fortune 500 list for four years out of a ? ve-year span (1996-2000) whose signi? cantly higher returns on equity (35 percent) and total returns to stockholders (34 percent) correlated with their greater representation of women in senior management (Catalyst, 2004).As Konrad et al. (2008) have shown, when the number of women on corporate boards reaches three or more, the presence of women becomes normalized rather than stereotyped. The result is a higher level of ? rm performance and innovation (Nielsen and Huse, 2010; Torchia et al. , 2010). The numbers are important. In organizations, where the percentag e of women on top management teams and/or their corporate boards is 15 percent or greater, male participants tend to exhibit higher levels of trust in female leaders than in organizations where women’s inclusion is less than 15 percent.By contrast, while men have signi? cantly more positive evaluations of women when there are more of them, the con? dence women have is high irrespective of their numbers (Lortie-Lussier and Rinfret, 2002): P4. In ? rms led by women entrepreneurs practicing interactive transformational leadership, employees will exhibit a high level of trust in their women owners. Building trust through equity Biases and perceptions Establishing a climate of trust can be dif? cult, particularly when employees are responding to stereotypes rather than actual leader behavior. The existence of biases ased on self-categorization (we are more comfortable among people like us) and similarity attraction (us versus them) in relatively or formerly homogeneous groups is i ndisputable. Men, in general, trust a new male team member more than a new female team member (Spector and Jones, 2004), view a new male to have better management skills (Karau et al. , 2009) and prefer a masculine leadership mode (Butter? eld and Powell, 2010; Johnson et al. , 2008; Moore, 1984). Male and female employees alike exhibit strong opinions of how leaders should talk, act and behave and they employ gender stereotypes in evaluating leadership (Namok et al. 2009). As Butter? eld and Powell (2010) note, the masculine mode of behavior represents power and the leadership dimensions most employees seek. Similar traits are associated with entrepreneurs (Gupta et al. , 2009; Moore, 2010). Such in-group/out-group mindsets can create harmful fault lines, especially in situations where success depends on collaboration and the sharing of knowledge (Gratton et al. , 2007). Establishing a trust chain Diversity in organizations can produce both positive and negative outcomes, chie? y b ecause of stereotyping (Jackson et al. , 2003).While the negative effects of stereotyping can be counteracted by a recognition that diversity in expertise, skill sets and the like can contribute to team performance, establishing that recognition can be dif? cult because it requires creating a climate of trust and its maintenance: a leader has to violate trust expectations only once to cause â€Å"a signi? cant drop in the level of trust† (Dirks, 2006, p. 24). For women leaders to be perceived as effective, then, they must surmount the obstacle of needing to demonstrate both strength and sensitivity and overcoming stereotypes in work settings.With fewer margins for error (Caleo and Heilman, 2009), they do this by treating individuals uniformly and equitably to create within the work group a feeling of cooperative interdependence, the belief that we gain when others succeed (Williams, 2001). It is a group-focused leadership style that facilitates identi? cation and collective e f? cacy (Wu et al. , 2010): P5. The most effective tool for building and maintaining organizational trust is in applying the transformational leadership process in a manner that employees perceive as equitable.How women entrepreneurs lead 225 Trust, team building and ? rm-related outcomes Balancing control and behaviors Work dynamics occur within distinct, overlapping, unique environments: the norms, values and beliefs of society at large; the culture and background of the person; their individual expertise derived from education, experience, specialization and pro? ciency; and the views, insights, suggestions and opinions of family, friends and trusted others. In organizations and small businesses alike, employees reference these norms and values across all levels of interactions.Achieving high performance thus requires engineering a work climate consistent with organizational aims and employee values. This requires balancing management control with behaviors that encourage trust ( Schoorman et al. , 2007). Key factors that drive perceptions of trustworthy behavior include the degree to which the leader acts with integrity, demonstrates openness, takes an interest and displays con? dence in people, acts as coach and advocate, and shares clear expectations about performance outcomes. Because individual perceptions of the leader or owner’s abilities and trustworthiness differ from his or her self-perceptions,GM 26,3 it is critical to recognize differences between the extension of trust and how it is monitored. The goal is to have the outcome of the series of leader/owner actions and individual responses culminate in the creation of an atmosphere of reciprocity – the expectation that acts of trust will be repaid. When this happens, the potential for mutual trustworthiness and higher productivity is maximized (Ferrin et al. , 2007). Sharing power As Rosener (1990) notes, women â€Å"are far more likely than men to describe themselves as transforming subordinates’ self-interest into concern for the whole organization. A female team leader is also likely to view her position in terms of assisting team members in reaching performance goals (Paris et al. , 2009). The result is that women lead in a participative style (Nielsen and Huse, 2010). Using effective communication skills (Madlock, 2008), they focus on sharing power and information to create a collaborative team environment (Keeffe et al. , 2008) whose ingredients include the employee’s personal propensity to trust, their past experiences and perceptions of the manager. When the owner/leader is seen as an advocate who will reciprocate trustworthy behaviors (Drath et al. 2008), perceptions of the ? rm’s overall fairness increase (Brockner et al. , 2007). As Morrison and Robinson (1997) note, in a high trust climate people show increased levels of loyalty, satisfaction and engagement and the resulting cooperation and free exchange of information lead to q uicker and better decisions, and higher performance. For a business owner, the reasons to proceed in this fashion are thus compelling: P6. The application of the interactive, transformational leadership style as a tool to create a climate of trust will enhance the longevity of women-owned ? rms through higher employee performance. 26 Summary The propositions shown in Figure 2 provide an approach to understanding the power of women’s interactive transformational leadership style (the predictor variable) which they use in team building to create a climate of trust and empowerment (moderator variables). The resulting organizational outcomes include open communications, employee satisfaction, innovation and enhanced productivity that collectively provide greater ? nancial returns and potential for ? rm growth. The propositions may be tested with a single or series of empirical and longitudinal tests in a variety of respondent groups of ? ms with 25 or more employees. Some of thes e Team building moderators P2 Predictor for womens entrepreneurial success P1 Interactive transformational leadership P3 P4 P5 Climate of trust Gender diversity Higher levels of employee trust Employee perceptions of equitable treatment Collaboration and reciprocity Effectiveness outcomes Open communication and exchanges Satisfaction Innovation Enhanced productivity Higher financial returns Market retention and expansion, including global Figure 2. Propositions entrepreneurial women’s leadership effectiveness P6 ?rms may be in that group identi? d by the Center for Women as being part of the â€Å"missing middle. † Still other respondent groups will be found across the small business and entrepreneurial sector, including those engaged in the international market, technology, manufacturing and the service industries. This last group, according to research from the Diana Project (Holmquist and Carter, 2009), clearly demonstrates the positive potential of female entrepren eurship. Another possible research avenue is to test cross-gender effects by drawing the respondents from those organizations with mixed sex leadership or equivalent ownership in copreneurial enterprises.A number of current valid measures are available for testing work team relationships for climate, trust and repair approaches (Gillespie and Dietz, 2009), stereotypes and attitudes toward women entrepreneurs (Namok et al. , 2009) and managers (Zeynep and Soner, 2010). Variations of the transformational leadership inventory and productivity scales that measure the end predictor results on work teams can be combined with a trust index inventory (Palrecha, 2009). The approach may be enhanced by adding other links to the propositions.For example, important additions would be the three levels of trust repair, attributions and expectations in building effective work teams. Instruments developed by Konrad et al. (2008) and Huse and Solberg (2006) to measure the impact of the number of wome n in leadership positions on innovation and productivity are also relevant here. It has often been said that research on gender yields a limited number of theoretical underpinnings for building models. Not so. When considering the pool of theories from various ? elds of research, a number of robust propositions emerge.Those presented here are not only important in understanding the emergence of organizational cultures common to women-owned businesses. They suggest an approach to developing effective strategies to deal with current economic problems; speci? cally, in building relationships and facilitating cooperation among the diverse and sometimes contentious members of groups who must deal with complex issues. 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About the authors Dorothy Perrin Moore is an Emeritus Professor of Business Administration, The Citadel School of Business, where she held the title of Distinguished Professor of Entrepreneurship.She is the author of Careerpreneurs: Lessons from Leading Women Entrepreneurs on Building a Career Without Boundaries, which received the ForeWord Magazine Book-of-the-Year Gold Award in the ? eld of Business, and the co-author of Women Entrepreneurs: Moving Beyond the Glass Ceiling. A former entrepreneur, she received her PhD in Management, Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management from the Darla Moore School of Business, University of South Carolina.She is a Recipient of the Academy of Management, Women in Management Division’s Sage Janet Chusmir Service Award and the Division’s Sage Scholarship Award and a Justin G. Longenecker Fellow in the United States Association of Small Business and Entrepreneurship. She presently serves as a Job Coach at the Center for Women in Charleston, South Carolina and writes a monthly professional advancement column for the Charleston Post Courier. Dorothy Perrin Moore is the corresponding author and can be contacted at: dot. [emailprotected] net Jamie L.Moore is the Director of Workforce Programs for the Long Island Forum for Technology, New York. He has 15 years of progressive experience in employee, management and organization development at CA and JP Morgan Chase where he was involved in organizational lead projects that saved $12 million for CA and over $6 million annually for JP Morgan Chase. He earned a Master’s degree in Production and Operations Management from the Darla Moore School of Business at the University of South Carolina and did additional course work in management and organizational behavior at Columbia University.He serves on the Advisory Board for Advanced Ma nufacturing at Suffolk County Community College and teaches courses in the Master’s program in the College of Business at Stony Brook University. Jamie W. Moore, Professor of History Emeritus, The Citadel, received his PhD from the University of North Carolina. He is a former member of the United States Department of the Army Historical Advisory Committee and the National Council of the American Association of University Professors and a past President of the South Carolina Historical Association.His two most recent books, Growing Up in Davie County: Recollections from One Hundred Years Ago (Honorable Mention, 2005) and (co-authored with Dorothy P. Moore) Island in the Storm: Sullivan’s Island and Hurricane Hugo (Bronze Award, 2006) received ForeWord Magazine book-of-the-year awards. How women entrepreneurs lead 233 To purchase reprints of this article please e-mail: [emailprotected] com Or visit our web site for further details: www. emeraldinsight. com/reprints